Up to 1939, when Poland came under German domination, it was the center of the European Jewish world, filled with a large Jewish population that had lived on Polish soil for over nine centuries, and developed a vibrant self-sustaining social and religious community culture. During the German occupation of World War II, close to 3 million Polish Jews were exterminated. Poland was where the Nazis established most of their ghettos and all death camps. It was where the railroad tracks converged, bringing hundreds of thousand Jews from the remotest corners of Europe to feed the Nazi death machine. Thousands of Poles risked their lives to save Jews by mostly sheltering them, while most others were passive onlookers, fearful for their lives to get involved, and too many others collaborated with the hated enemy in eliminating Jews.
Mordecai Paldiel, a historian of the Holocaust, examines the important role Jews played in Poland in the years before Germans occupied the country. He also examines the antisemitism that existed in Poland before the Nazis arrived. Just as important, he highlights the various responses of Poles as witnesses of the German extermination of Jews, including the thousands who, in spite of the dangers to themselves, did their utmost to save Jews from the German-orchestrated Holocaust.