MICHAEL I. HANDEL is Professor of Strategy in the Strategy and Policy Department, U.S. Naval War College. From 1983-90, he was Professor of National Security Affairs, Department of National Security and Strategy, U.S. Army War College. Professor Handel, earned his Ph.D. from Harvard University, and is the founder and U.S. editor of the journal Intelligence and National Security. He is the author of the books War, Strategy and Intelligence (1989); The Diplomacy of Surprise: Hitler, Nixon, Sadat (1981); Weak States in the International System (1981); and Israel's Political-Military Doctrine (1973). His edited books include Intelligence and Military Operations (1990); Leaders and Intelligence (1988); Strategic and Operational Deception in the Second World War (1987);and Clausewitz and Modern Strategy (1986). He is also the author of several monographs and articles which have been published in professional journals.