Aristotle: - Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC) He was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist whose thought determined the course of Western intellectual history for two centuries. In 335, he established his own school in Athens, the Lyceum. His intellectual range was very wide, covering the greater part of science and various art streams. His ethical and political theory, particularly his concepts of ethical virtues and human growing "happiness," continues to have a philosophical impact. He wrote productively. His major surviving works include the Organon, De Anima's (On the Soul), Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean ethics, Eudemian Ethics, Magna Moralia, Poetics, Politics, and Rhetoric, as well as more different works on science and natural history. His father, Nicomachus, was King Amyntas of Macedon's personal physician. Aristotle learned about biology and medical information from his father when he was young. When Aristotle was approximately thirteen, both of his parents died, and Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian. Although little is known about Aristotle's youth, he most likely spent some time at the Macedonian palace, where he formed his initial links with the Macedonian royalty.