In a world demanding climate action, the oil-rich Gulf states face a defining crossroads: can they transform economies built on fossil fuels into resilient, climate-aligned powerhouses? This timely and original study offers a rigorous, multidimensional analysis of how Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar are navigating the high-stakes transition to decarbonization. Weaving together historical political economy, postcolonial state formation, economic pressures, geopolitical realignments, and environmental imperatives, it explores the difficult trade-offs and strategic decisions forging the region's trajectory. Through incisive analysis, it reveals emerging policy innovations, evolving social contracts, and institutional strategies that are redefining the Gulf's energy future--while critically evaluating the macroeconomic consequences of climate-driven transformation. Essential reading for policymakers, financiers, energy professionals, multilateral institutions, and scholars, The Gulf's Climate Reckoning offers an intellectual and strategic framework for understanding the Gulf's climate-industrial transformation and its far-reaching implications for the emerging global energy and governance landscape.