Graves, Kersey: - Kersey Graves (1813-1883) was an influential figure in the late 19th-century American freethought movement. He was a skeptic, atheist, rationalist, and reformist writer who gained popularity for his critical views on religion. Born in Pennsylvania, Graves was raised in a Quaker family and initially followed their observance. He received an education and worked as a teacher for over two decades. Graves became involved in radical freethinking circles within Quakerism and was disowned by his Quaker meeting due to his neglect of attendance and the establishment of a rival group. He advocated for abolitionism, language reform, and was associated with utopian communities that explored mesmerism and spiritualism. Graves married Lydia Michiner, and they had five children. His Quaker background influenced his rejection of clergy, creeds, and liturgy, emphasizing the importance of individual spiritual experiences. Graves passed away at his home near Richmond, Indiana.