Pumpelly, Raphael: - Raphael Pumpelly was an influential American geologist, mining engineer, and explorer born in 1837. He is known for his extensive contributions to the field of geology and his remarkable explorations around the globe. Pumpelly attended Freiberg University of Mining and Technology in Germany, where he refined his expertise in geology and mining. He began his career as a mining engineer and geologist, undertaking significant projects in various regions including North America, Europe, and Asia. Throughout his career, Pumpelly also took part in archaeological and scientific research, contributing to several important geological surveys and investigations. His explorations were particularly focused on regions that were less understood, adding valuable insights into their mineral resources and geological history. He was recognized for his work in both the scientific and academic communities. His passion for geology, along with his deep understanding of mining and exploration, led him to leave a lasting legacy in the field. Pumpelly s work played a crucial role in shaping the scientific study of the Earth's geological structures. He passed away in 1923 at the age of 85. His mother was Mary Hollenback Welles Pumpelly.